✅Answer:

1 عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ الَّذِينَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ قِياماً وَ قُعُوداً وَ عَلى جُنُوبِهِمْ [۳] قَالَ الصَّحِيحُ يُصَلِّي قَائِماً وَ قُعُوداً الْمَرِيضُ يُصَلِّي جَالِساً وَ عَلَى جُنُوبِهِمْ الَّذِي يَكُونُ أَضْعَفَ مِنَ الْمَرِيضِ الَّذِي يُصَلِّي جَالِساً

📚 Al-Kafi Vol. 3, p. 411

[3]: Al Imran 3-191.

Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) said regarding the saying of Allah the Almighty: 'Those who remember Allah standing, and sitting, and on their sides', he said: The healthy person prays standing, and 'qu'udan' (sitting) is for the sick person who prays while seated, and 'on their sides' is for one who is weaker and more helpless than the sick person who prays while seated.

2 الْحَلَبِيِّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّه قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْمَرِيضِ إِذَا لَمْ يَسْتَطِعِ الْقِيَامَ وَ السُّجُودَ قَالَ يُومِئُ بِرَأْسِهِ إِيمَاءً وَ أَنْ يَضَعَ جَبْهَتَهُ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ

📚 Al-Kafi Vol. 3, p. 410

Halabi said: I asked Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) about a sick person who is not able to stand or prostrate. The Imam said: He should perform his prayer with a gesture (i.e., he performs the bowing and prostration with a gesture), and it is more beloved to me if he places his forehead on the ground.

3 إالْكَرْخِيِّ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ رَجُلٌ شَيْخٌ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ الْقِيَامَ إِلَى الْخَلَاءِ وَ لَا يُمْكِنُهُ الرُّكُوعُ وَ السُّجُودُ فَقَالَ لِيُومِئْ بِرَأْسِهِ إِيمَاءً وَ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ مَنْ يَرْفَعُ الْخُمْرَةَ فَلْيَسْجُدْ فَإِنْ لَمْ يُمْكِنْهُ ذَلِكَ فَلْيُومِئْ بِرَأْسِهِ نَحْوَ الْقِبْلَةِ إِيمَاءً

📚 Al-Tahdhib Vol. 3, p. 307

Karkhi said: I said to Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him): There is an old man who is not able to go to the toilet, and performing bowing and prostration is not possible for him. The Imam said: He should gesture with his head (for bowing and prostration), and if there is someone to lift the prayer mat for him, he must prostrate. If it is not possible for him, he should gesture with his head towards the 'qiblah'.

4 عُمَرَ بْنِ أُذَيْنَةَ قَالَ: كَتَبْتُ إِلَى أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ أَسْأَلُهُ مَا حَدُّ الْمَرَضِ الَّذِي يُفْطِرُ فِيهِ صَاحِبُهُ وَ الْمَرَضِ الَّذِي يَدَعُ صَاحِبُهُ الصَّلَاةَ [قائما] قَالَ بَلِ الْإِنْسانُ عَلى نَفْسِهِ بَصِيرَةٌ وَ قَالَ ذَاكَ إِلَيْهِ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِنَفْسِه

📚 Al-Kafi Vol. 4, p. 118

Umar ibn Udhaynah said: I wrote to Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him): What is the extent of the illness in which its owner can break the fast, and what is the extent of the illness in which its owner can abandon the standing prayer? The Imam replied: 'Rather, man is a witness against his own soul' and said: This is up to him; he knows himself best.

5 عَنْ عَلِيٍّ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ سُئِلَ مَتَى يُصَلِّي الْمَرِيضُ قَاعِداً قَالَ إِذَا لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ أَنْ يَقْرَأَ فَاتِحَةَ الْكِتَابِ وَ ثَلَاثَ آيَاتٍ قَائِماً فَلْيُصَلِّ قَاعِداً

📚 Al-Ja'fariyat p. 47

Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) was asked: In what situation should a sick person perform his prayer while seated? He said: If he is not able to recite 'Surah Al-Hamd' and three verses of the Quran while standing.

6 عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ الْمَرِيضِ كَيْفَ يَسْجُدُ فَقَالَ عَلَى خُمْرَةٍ أَوْ عَلَى مِرْوَحَةٍ أَوْ عَلَى سِوَاكٍ يَرْفَعُهُ إِلَيْهِ هُوَ أَفْضَلُ مِنَ الْإِيمَاءِ

📚 Al-Faqih Vol. 1, p. 362

Zurarah said: I asked Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) how a sick person should prostrate? He said: On a prayer mat, or on a fan, or on a piece of wood for cleaning teeth that he raises towards himself, and this is better than gesturing for prostration.

7 عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ مَيْسَرَةَ أَنَّهُ سَأَلَ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّه أَ يُصَلِّي الرَّجُلُ وَ هُوَ جَالِسٌ مُتَرَبِّعٌ وَ مَبْسُوطُ الرِّجْلَيْنِ فَقَالَ لَا بَأْسَ بِذَلِك

📚 Faqih Vol. 1, p. 365

Mu'awiyah ibn Maysarah asked Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him): Should a person pray while seated and with his legs crossed or with his two legs stretched out? The Imam said: There is no problem with that.

However, in the hadith from 📚 Al-Kafi Vol. 3, p. 411, the Imam said: This matter is for the person who is weak and sick.

✅ In the hadith from 📚 Tahdhib Vol. 2, p. 357, it is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq that a person whose duty is to pray standing, if he begins the prayer while seated, he must stop his prayer and begin it again while standing. Therefore, sitting on a chair without a debilitating reason and prostrating on a raised object without a reason or illness is not permissible, and the above-mentioned matters have details that will be provided upon request.

praying while seated