Answer
✅Answer: Please pay attention to the following narrations:
1 عَنْ زُرَارَةَ بْنِ أَعْیَنَ وَ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ جَمِیعاً أَنَّهُمَا سَأَلَا أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ الْبَاقِرَ عَنْ صَوْمِ یَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ فَقَالَ کَانَ صَوْمُهُ قَبْلَ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ- فَلَمَّا نَزَلَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ تُرِکَ.
📚Al-Faqih, Vol. 2, p. 85
Zurarah and Muhammad ibn Muslim asked Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura; the Imam said: It was a fast before the month of Ramadan, but when the fast of the month of Ramadan was revealed, it was abandoned!
2 عَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِکِ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ صَوْمِ تَاسُوعَاءَ وَ عَاشُورَاءَ مِنْ شَهْرِ الْمُحَرَّمِ فَقَالَ تَاسُوعَاءُ یَوْمٌ حُوصِرَ فِیهِ الْحُسَیْنُ وَ أَصْحَابُهُ رَضِیَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ بِکَرْبَلَاءَ وَ اجْتَمَعَ عَلَیْهِ خَیْلُ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ وَ أَنَاخُوا عَلَیْهِ وَ فَرِحَ ابْنُ مَرْجَانَةَ وَ عُمَرُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ- بِتَوافر الْخَیْلِ وَ کَثْرَتِهَا وَ اسْتَضْعَفُوا فِیهِ الْحُسَیْنَ وَ أَصْحَابَهُ کَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وُجُوهَهُمْ وَ أَیْقَنُوا أَنْ لَا یَأْتِیَ الْحُسَیْنَ نَاصِرٌ وَ لَا یُمِدَّهُ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ بِأَبِی الْمُسْتَضْعَفُ الْغَرِیبُ ثُمَّ قَالَ وَ أَمَّا یَوْمُ عَاشُورَاءَ- فَیَوْمٌ أُصِیبَ فِیهِ الْحُسَیْنُ صَرِیعاً بَیْنَ أَصْحَابِهِ وَ أَصْحَابُهُ صَرْعَی حَوْلَهُ أَ فَصَوْمٌ یَکُونُ فِی ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمِ کَلَّا وَ رَبِّ الْبَیْتِ الْحَرَامِ مَا هُوَ یَوْمُ صَوْمٍ وَ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا یَوْمُ حُزْنٍ وَ مُصِیبَةٍ دَخَلَتْ عَلَی أَهْلِ السَّمَاءِ وَ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ وَ جَمِیعِ الْمُؤْمِنِینَ وَ یَوْمُ فَرَحٍ وَ سُرُورٍ لِابْنِ مَرْجَانَةَ وَ آلِ زِیَادٍ وَ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ- غَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَیْهِمْ وَ عَلَی ذُرِّیَّاتِهِمْ وَ ذَلِکَ یَوْمٌ بَکَتْ عَلَیْهِ جَمِیعُ بِقَاعِ الْأَرْضِ خَلَا بُقْعَةِ الشَّامِ فَمَنْ صَامَهُ أَوْ تَبَرَّکَ بِهِ حَشَرَهُ اللَّهُ مَعَ آلِ زِیَادٍ مَمْسُوخَ الْقَلْبِ مَسْخُوطاً عَلَیْهِ وَ مَنِ ادَّخَرَ إِلَی مَنْزِلِهِ فِیهِ ذَخِیرَةً أَعْقَبَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَی نِفَاقاً فِی قَلْبِهِ إِلَی یَوْمِ یَلْقَاهُ وَ انْتَزَعَ الْبَرَکَةَ عَنْهُ وَ عَنْ أَهْلِ بَیْتِهِ وَ وُلْدِهِ وَ شَارَکَهُ الشَّیْطَانُ فِی جَمِیعِ ذَلِکَ.
📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 147
Abdulmalik said: I asked Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Tasu'a and Ashura of the month of Muharram; the Imam said: The day of Tasu'a was the day when Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his companions, may Allah be pleased with them, were besieged in Karbala and the horsemen of the people of Sham gathered against him and settled upon him, and the son of Marjana and Omar ibn Sa'd were pleased with the abundance and multitude of their horsemen, and they considered Hussein (peace be upon him) and his companions, may Allah honor their faces, to be weak and were certain that no helper would come to Hussein (peace be upon him) and that the people of Iraq would not help him. May my father be sacrificed for that weak and lonely one!
Then he said: And as for the day of Ashura, it is the day when Hussein (peace be upon him) was killed, lying on the ground among his companions, and his companions were also lying on the ground around him. Is there a fast on such a day?! Never, by the Lord of the Ka'ba! Such a day is not a day of fasting, but only a day of grief and calamity that befell the people of the heavens and the earth and all believers, and it is a day of joy and happiness for the son of Marjana and the family of Ziyad and the people of Sham, upon whom and their offspring be the wrath of Allah, and it is a day on which all parts of the earth except the land of Sham wept over him. So whoever fasts on that day or seeks blessing from it, Allah will resurrect him with a heart that has been disfigured and angered with the family of Ziyad, and whoever stores something for his household on that day, Allah will leave a hypocrisy in his heart until the day he meets Him, and He will remove the blessing from him and his family and his children, and Satan will become a partner in all of them!
3 عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ عِیسَی قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ الرِّضَا عَنْ صَوْمِ یَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَ مَا یَقُولُ النَّاسُ فِیهِ فَقَالَ عَنْ صَوْمِ ابْنِ مَرْجَانَةَ تَسْأَلُنِی ذَلِکَ یَوْمٌ صَامَهُ الْأَدْعِیَاءُ مِنْ آلِ زِیَادٍ لِقَتْلِ الْحُسَیْنِ وَ هُوَ یَوْمٌ یَتَشَاءَمُ بِهِ آلُ مُحَمَّدٍ- وَ یَتَشَاءَمُ بِهِ أَهْلُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَ الْیَوْمُ الَّذِی یَتَشَاءَمُ بِهِ أَهْلُ الْإِسْلَامِ لَا یُصَامُ وَ لَا یُتَبَرَّکُ بِهِ وَ یَوْمُ الْإِثْنَیْنِ یَوْمُ نَحْسٍ قَبَضَ اللَّهُ فِیهِ نَبِیَّهُ وَ مَا أُصِیبَ آلُ مُحَمَّدٍ إِلَّا فِی یَوْمِ الْإِثْنَیْنِ- فَتَشَاءَمْنَا بِهِ وَ تَبَرَّکَ بِهِ عَدُوُّنَا وَ یَوْمُ عَاشُورَاءَ قُتِلَ الْحُسَیْنُ وَ تَبَرَّکَ بِهِ ابْنُ مَرْجَانَةَ- وَ تَشَاءَمَ بِهِ آلُ مُحَمَّدٍ فَمَنْ صَامَهُمَا أَوْ تَبَرَّکَ بِهِمَا لَقِیَ اللَّهَ تَبَارَکَ وَ تَعَالَی مَمْسُوخَ الْقَلْبِ وَ کَانَ مَحْشَرُهُ مَعَ الَّذِینَ سَنُّوا صَوْمَهُمَا وَ التَّبَرُّکَ بِهِمَا.
📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 146
Ja'far ibn Isa said: I asked Imam Rida (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura and what people say about it; the Imam said: Do you ask me about the fast of the son of Marjana?! It is a day that the illegitimate children of the family of Ziyad fasted because of the killing of Hussein (peace be upon him), and it is a day that the family of Muhammad (peace be upon them) consider to be a bad omen, and the people of Islam also consider it inauspicious, and a day that the people of Islam consider inauspicious is not fasted and is not sought for blessing, and Monday is also an unlucky day on which Allah took the soul of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), and the family of Muhammad did not suffer a calamity except on Monday, so we consider it inauspicious, and our enemy sought blessing from it, and on the day of Ashura, Hussein (peace be upon him) was killed, and the son of Marjana sought blessing from it, and the family of Muhammad considered it inauspicious, so whoever fasts on these two days or seeks blessing from them, he will meet Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, with a disfigured heart, and his resurrection will be with those who established the fast of these two days and seeking blessing from them as a 'sunnah'!
4 عَنْ زَیْدٍ النَّرْسِیِّ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ عُبَیْدَ بْنَ زُرَارَةَ یَسْأَلُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ عَنْ صَوْمِ یَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ- فَقَالَ مَنْ صَامَهُ کَانَ حَظُّهُ مِنْ صِیَامِ ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمِ حَظَّ ابْنِ مَرْجَانَةَ وَ آلِ زِیَادٍ قَالَ قُلْتُ: وَ مَا کَانَ حَظُّهُمْ مِنْ ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمِ قَالَ النَّارُ- أَعَاذَنَا اللَّهُ مِنَ النَّارِ وَ مِنْ عَمَلٍ یُقَرِّبُ مِنَ النَّارِ.
📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 147
Zayd Narsi said: I heard Ubayd ibn Zurarah asking Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura; the Imam said: Whoever fasts on it, his share from the fast of that day is the share of the son of Marjana and the family of Ziyad. He said: I said: What was their share from that day? He said: Fire! May Allah protect us from Hell and every action that brings one closer to Hell!
5 عَنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِیٍّ الْوَشَّاءِ قَالَ حَدَّثَنِی نَجِبه بْنُ الْحَارِثِ الْعَطَّارُ قَالَ: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ صَوْمِ یَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ فَقَالَ صَوْمٌ مَتْرُوکٌ بِنُزُولِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ وَ الْمَتْرُوکُ بِدْعَةٌ قَالَ نَجِیَّةُ فَسَأَلْتُ أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ أَبِیهِ عَنْ ذَلِکَ فَأَجَابَنِی بِمِثْلِ جَوَابِ أَبِیهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ أَمَا إِنَّهُ صَوْمُ یَوْمٍ مَا نَزَلَ بِهِ کِتَابٌ وَ لَا جَرَتْ بِهِ سُنَّةٌ إِلَّا سُنَّةُ آلِ زِیَادٍ بِقَتْلِ الْحُسَیْنِ بْنِ عَلِیٍّ
📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 146
Nujba said: I asked Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Ashura; he said: It is a fast that was abandoned with the revelation of the month of Ramadan, and what is abandoned is an innovation!
Nujba said: After Imam Baqir (peace be upon him), I also asked Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) about it. So he answered me just like his father's answer. Then he said: Be aware that this is a fast for which neither the Qur'an was revealed nor a 'sunnah' was established, except the 'sunnah' of the family of Ziyad for the killing of Hussein ibn Ali (peace be upon him)!
6 عَنْ حَرِیزٍ عَنْ زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِی جَعْفَرٍ وَ أَبِی عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالا لَا تَصُمْ فِی یَوْمِ عَاشُورَاءَ وَ لَا عَرَفَةَ بِمَکَّةَ- وَ لَا فِی الْمَدِینَةِ وَ لَا فِی وَطَنِکَ وَ لَا فِی مِصْرٍ مِنَ الْأَمْصَارِ.
📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 146
Imam Baqir and Imam Sadiq (peace be upon them) said: Do not fast on the day of Ashura and the day of Arafa, neither in Mecca nor in Medina, nor in your homeland, nor in any of the cities!
✅ Regarding the reason for the prohibition of fasting on the day of Arafa, there are separate narrations.
7 عَنِ الْحُسَیْنِ بْنِ أَبِی غُنْدَرٍ عَنْ أَبِیهِ عَنْ أَبِی عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنْ صَوْمِ یَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ- فَقَالَ عِیدٌ مِنْ أَعْیَادِ الْمُسْلِمِینَ وَ یَوْمُ دُعَاءٍ وَ مَسْأَلَةٍ قُلْتُ فَصَوْمُ عَاشُورَاء قَالَ ذَاکَ یَوْمٌ قُتِلَ فِیهِ الْحُسَیْنُ فَإِنْ کُنْتَ شَامِتاً فَصُمْ ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنَّ آلَ أُمَیَّةَ علیهم لعنة اللّه و من أعانهم علی قتل الحسین من أهل الشام نَذَرُوا نَذْراً إِنْ قُتِلَ الْحُسَیْنُ و سلم من خرج إلی الحسین (علیه السلام) و صارت الخلافة إلی آل أبی سفیان أَنْ یَتَّخِذُوا ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمَ عِیداً لَهُمْ یَصُومُونَ فِیهِ شُکْراً وَ یُفَرِّحُونَ أَوْلَادَهُمْ فَصَارَتْ فِی آلِ أَبِی سُفْیَانَ سُنَّةً إِلَی الْیَوْمِ فی الناس و اقتدی بهم الناس جمیعا فَلِذَلِکَ یَصُومُونَهُ وَ یُدْخِلُونَ عَلَی عِیَالاتِهِمْ وَ أَهَالِیهِمُ الْفَرَحَ ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمَ ثُمَّ قَالَ إِنَّ الصَّوْمَ لَا یَکُونُ لِلْمُصِیبَةِ وَ لَا یَکُونُ إِلَّا شُکْراً لِلسَّلَامَةِ وَ إِنَّ الْحُسَیْنَ أُصِیبَ یَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ فَإِنْ کُنْتَ فِیمَنْ أُصِیبَ بِهِ فَلَا تَصُمْ وَ إِنْ کُنْتَ شَامِتاً مِمَّنْ سَرَّهُ سَلَامَةُ بَنِی أُمَیَّةَ فَصُمْ شُکْراً لِلَّهِ تَعَالَی
📚Amali Al-Tusi, Vol. 2, p. 279
Abi Ghundar said: I asked Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) about fasting on the day of Arafa; the Imam said: It is one of the festivals of the Muslims and a day of supplication and asking. I said: What about fasting on the day of Ashura? He said: It is the day when Hussein (peace be upon him) was killed, so if you intend to gloat and express joy, then fast!
Then he said: Indeed, the family of Umayya, may the curse of Allah be upon them, and those of the people of Sham who helped them in the killing of Hussein (peace be upon him) vowed that if Hussein (peace be upon him) was killed and those who had gone out towards Hussein remained safe and the caliphate reached the family of Abu Sufyan, they would take that day as a festival for themselves and fast for gratitude and make their children happy. So this action became a 'sunnah' among the people from the family of Abu Sufyan until today, and all people followed them, so for this reason, they fast on it and on that day, they bring joy to their families and households. Then he said: Indeed, fasting is not for a calamity and is only for gratitude for safety, and indeed Hussein (peace be upon him) was afflicted with a calamity on the day of Ashura, so if you are one of those who are afflicted by his calamity, do not fast, and if you are one who expresses joy from those who are happy with the safety of the family of Umayya, then fast for the gratitude of Allah, the Exalted!
8 عَنْ عَبْداللَّه بْنِ سِنَانٍ قال: دَخَلْتُ عَلَی أَبِی عَبْداللَّه یَوْمَ عَاشُورَاءَ فالقیته کاسف اللون ظاهر الحزن وَ دُمُوعُهُ تَنْحَدِرُ عَلَی عَیْنَیْهِ کَاللُّؤْلُؤِ الْمُتَسَاقِطِ فَقُلْتُ مِمَّ بُکَاؤُکَ فَقَالَ أَ فِی غَفْلَةٍ أَنْتَ أَ مَا عَلِمْتَ أَنَّ الْحُسَیْنَ أُصِیبَ فِی مِثْلِ هَذَا الْیَوْمِ فَقُلْتُ مَا قَوْلُکَ فِی صَوْمِهِ فَقَالَ لِی صُمْهُ مِنْ غَیْرِ تَبْیِیتٍ وَ أَفْطِرْهُ مِنْ غَیْرِ تَشْمِیتٍ وَ لَا تَجْعَلْهُ یَوْمَ صَوْمٍ کَمَلًا وَ لْیَکُنْ إِفْطَارُکَ بَعْدَ صَلَاةِ الْعَصْرِ بِسَاعَةٍ عَلَی شَرْبَةٍ مِنْ مَاءٍ فَإِنَّهُ فِی مِثْلِ ذَلِکَ الْوَقْتِ مِنْ ذَلِکَ الْیَوْمِ تَجَلَّتِ الْهَیْجَاءُ عَنْ آلِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ
📚Misbah al-Mutahajjid, p. 724
Abdullah ibn Sinan said: I entered upon Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) on the day of Ashura, and I found him pale and with obvious grief, and his tears were flowing down his eyes like pearls. I said: What is your crying for? The Imam said: Do you not know?! Do you not know that Hussein (peace be upon him) was afflicted with a calamity on such a day?! I said: What is your opinion about fasting on it? The Imam said: Fast it without intending it in the night and break it without intending to gloat, and do not make it a complete fast, and let your breaking of the fast be one hour after the afternoon prayer with a drink of water, because at a time like that on that day, the war was lifted from the family of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family)...!
✅ Based on the above narrations and others, fasting on the day of Ashura is one of the traditions of the family of Umayya and the family of Ziyad, may the curse of Allah be upon them all, and it is prohibited to fast on it, and according to narration 8, it is recommended to remain in a state of fasting without intention until one hour after the afternoon prayer and at that time, break the fast with a drink of water so that the fast is not complete.
Some narrations that have been transmitted regarding the virtue of fasting on this day are in accordance with the general population and are not actionable.
اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَجِّلْ لِوَلِیِّکَ الْفَرَجَ وَ الْعَافِیَةَ وَ النَّصْرَ