✅Answer:

قال اللَّه تعالي : وَإِن كُنتُم مَّرْضَى أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ أَوْ جَاءَ أَحَدٌ مِّنكُم مِّنَ الْغَائِطِ أَوْ لَامَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا مَاءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا

And if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the privy or you have been in contact with women and you do not find water, then perform tayammum with pure soil.

📚Surah An-Nisa, Verse 43

1 غِيَاثِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قال: نَهَى أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْ يَتَيَمَّمَ الرَّجُلُ بِتُرَابٍ مِنْ أَثَرِ الطَّرِيق

📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 3, p. 62

Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) forbade performing tayammum with dirt from the road!

2 أَبَانِ بْنِ عُثْمَانَ عَمَّنْ ذَكَرَهُ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى أَعْطَى مُحَمَّداً شَرَائِعَ نُوحٍ وَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَ مُوسَى وَ عِيسَى- إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ وَ جَعَلَ لَهُ الْأَرْضَ مَسْجِداً وَ طَهُوراً

📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 2, p. 17

Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: Indeed, Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, granted the laws of Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (peace be upon our Prophet and his family, and peace be upon them all) to Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family)... until he said: ...and He made the earth a place of prostration (a place of prayer) and a means of purification for him!

3 السَّكُونِيِّ عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنِ التَّيَمُّمِ بِالْجِصِّ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ فَقِيلَ بِالنُّورَةِ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ فَقِيلَ بِالرَّمَادِ فَقَالَ لَا إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ يَخْرُجُ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ إِنَّمَا يَخْرُجُ مِنَ الشَّجَر

📚Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Vol. 1, p. 187

Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) said: Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was asked about performing tayammum with gypsum; he said: Yes!

It was said: What about with 'nura' (lime)? He said: Yes!

It was said: What about with ash? He said: No! It does not come out of the earth; indeed, it comes from trees!

4 عَنْ رِفَاعَةَ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: إِذَا كَانَتِ الْأَرْضُ مُبْتَلَّةً لَيْسَ فِيهَا تُرَابٌ وَ لَا مَاءٌ فَانْظُرْ أَجَفَّ مَوْضِعٍ تَجِدُهُ فَتَيَمَّمْ مِنْهُ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ تَوْسِيعٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ قَالَ فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي ثَلْجٍ فَلْيَنْظُرْ لِبْدَ سَرْجِهِ فَلْيَتَيَمَّمْ مِنْ غُبَارِهِ أَوْ شَيْءٍ مُغْبَرٍّ وَ إِنْ كَانَ فِي حَالٍ لَا يَجِدُ إِلَّا الطِّينَ فَلَا بَأْسَ أَنْ يَتَيَمَّمَ مِنْهُ

📚Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Vol. 1, p. 189

Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: If the ground is wet and damp and there is no soil (for tayammum) or water (for wudu) in it, look for the driest place you can find and perform tayammum with it, for this is an ease from Allah, the Mighty and Exalted.

He said: So if he is in the snow, he should go to his saddle's felt or something dusty and perform tayammum with its dust, and if he is in a situation where he finds nothing but mud, there is no problem in performing tayammum with it!

5 أَبِي بَصِيرٍ يَعْنِي الْمُرَادِيَّ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: إِذَا كُنْتَ فِي حَالٍ لَا تَقْدِرُ إِلَّا عَلَى الطِّينِ فَتَيَمَّمْ بِهِ فَإِنَ اللَّهَ أَوْلَى بِالْعُذْرِ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَكَ ثَوْبٌ جَافٌّ أَوْ لِبْدٌ تَقْدِرُ أَنْ تَنْفُضَهُ وَ تَتَيَمَّمَ بِهِ

📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 3, p. 67

Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: If you are in a situation where you do not have access to anything (on which to perform tayammum) except mud, then perform tayammum with it, for indeed Allah is more deserving of accepting an excuse, provided that you do not have a dry cloth or felt with you that you can shake and perform tayammum with its dust!

6 زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ فِي التَّيَمُّمِ قَالَ تَضْرِبُ بِكَفَّيْكَ الْأَرْضَ ثُمَّ تَنْفُضُهُمَا وَ تَمْسَحُ بِهِمَا وَجْهَكَ وَ يَدَيْكَ

📚Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Vol. 1, p. 212

Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) said about tayammum: You strike your two palms on the ground, then you shake them and wipe your face and your two hands with them!

7 أَبِي بَصِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ فِي خَبَرٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ لِسَلْمَانَ وَ أَبِي ذَرٍّ وَ جُعِلَ لِيَ الْأَرْضُ مَسْجِداً وَ طَهُوراً أَيْنَمَا كُنْتُ منها أَتَيَمَّمُ مِنْ تُرْبَتِهَا وَ أُصَلِّي عَلَيْهَا

📚Amali Al-Sheikh Al-Tusi, Vol. 1, p. 56

Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him and his family) said to Salman and Abu Dharr: And the earth has been made a place of prostration for me (meaning a place of prayer) and a 'tahur' (meaning something with which purification can be achieved), wherever I may be on it, I perform tayammum with its pure soil and dirt and I pray!

8 جعفربن مُحَمَّد عَن أَبِيهِ أَنَّ عَلِيّاً سُئِلَ هَلْ يُتَيَمَّمُ بِالْجِصِّ قَالَ نَعَمْ قِيلَ لَهُ فَهَلْ يُتَيَمَّمُ بِالنُّورَةِ قَالَ نَعَمْ قِيلَ فَهَلْ يُتَيَمَّمُ بِالرَّمَادِ قَالَ لَا لِأَنَّ الرَّمَادَ لَمْ يَخْرُجْ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ قِيلَ فَهَلْ يُتَيَمَّمُ بِالصَّفَاةِ النَّابِتَةِ عَلَى وَجْهِ الْأَرْضِ قَالَ نَعَمْ

📚Ja'fariyat, p. 24

Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) said: Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was asked: Is it permissible to perform tayammum with gypsum? He said: Yes! It was said to him: Is it permissible to perform tayammum with 'nura' (lime)? He said: Yes! It was said: Is it permissible to perform tayammum with ash? He said: No! Because it did not come out of the earth! It was said: Is it permissible to perform tayammum on a stone that is 'rooted' (and fixed) in the ground? He said: Yes!

9 جعفر بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ عَلِيّاً قَالَ مَنْ أَخَذَتْهُ سَمَاءٌ شَدِيدَةٌ وَ الْأَرْضُ مُبْتَلَّةٌ فَلْيَتَيَمَّمْ مِنْ غَيْرِهَا وَ لَوْ مِنْ غُبَارِ ثَوْبِهِ

📚Ja'fariyat, p. 14

Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said: One who is caught in a heavy rain and the ground is wet should perform tayammum with something other than it, even if it is with the dust from his clothes!

10 عن زرارة عن أَحَدِهِمَا قال: قُلْتُ رَجُلٌ دَخَلَ الْأَجَمَةَ لَيْسَ فِيهَا مَاءٌ وَ فِيهَا طِينٌ مَا يَصْنَعُ قَالَ يَتَيَمَّمُ فَإِنَّهُ الصَّعِيدُ قُلْتُ فَإِنَّهُ رَاكِبٌ وَ لَا يُمْكِنُهُ النُّزُولُ مِنْ خَوْفٍ وَ لَيْسَ هُوَ عَلَى وُضُوءٍ قَالَ إِنْ خَافَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ مِنْ سَبُعٍ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ وَ خَافَ فَوْتَ الْوَقْتِ فَلْيَتَيَمَّمْ يَضْرِبُ بِيَدِهِ عَلَى اللِّبْدِ أَوِ الْبَرْذَعَةِ وَ يَتَيَمَّمُ وَ يُصَلِّي

📚Tahdhib al-Ahkam, Vol. 1, p. 190

Zurarah said: I said to Imam Baqir or Imam Sadiq (peace be upon them): A man enters a wilderness where there is no water, and there is mud in it, what should he do? He said: He performs tayammum, for indeed it is 'sa'id'.

I said: Indeed, he is mounted and cannot get down out of fear, and he does not have wudu. He said: If he fears for his life from a beast or something else and fears the time will pass, he should perform tayammum, he strikes his hand on the felt or saddle pad under the saddle and performs tayammum and prays!

1 1 قَدْ رُوِیَ عَنِ الصَّادِقِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: الصَّعِیدُ الْمَوْضِعُ الْمُرْتَفِعُ وَ الطَّیِّبُ الْمَوْضِعُ الَّذِی یَنْحَدِرُ عَنْهُ الْمَاءُ

📚Ma'ani Al-Akhbar, p. 284

It is narrated from Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) that he said: 'Sa'id' is a high and elevated place and 'tayyib' is a place from which water flows down!

2 1 عن زُرَارَةَ عَنْ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ في حديث... فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا ماءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيداً طَيِّباً فَامْسَحُوا بِوُجُوهِكُمْ- فَلَمَّا أَنْ وَضَعَ الْوُضُوءَ عَمَّنْ لَمْ يَجِدِ الْمَاءَ أَثْبَتَ بَعْضَ الْغَسْلِ مَسْحاً لِأَنَّهُ قَالَ بِوُجُوهِكُمْ- ثُمَّ وَصَلَ بِهَا وَ أَيْدِيكُمْ مِنْهُ أَيْ مِنْ ذَلِكَ التَّيَمُّمِ لِأَنَّهُ عَلِمَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ أَجْمَعَ لَمْ يَجْرِ عَلَى الْوَجْهِ لِأَنَّهُ يَعْلَقُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الصَّعِيدِ بِبَعْضِ الْكَفِّ وَ لَا يَعْلَقُ بِبَعْضِهَا...

📚Man La Yahduruhu Al-Faqih, Vol. 1, p. 103

In a hadith, Imam Baqir (peace be upon him) recited this verse: '...then when you do not find water, then perform tayammum with pure soil, then wipe your faces,' then he said: When he lifted the wudu from someone who does not find water, he made wiping for a part of what is washed because He says: 'a part of your faces' and then 'and your hands from it' He connected it to that, meaning from that tayammum, because He knew that not all of it would run on the face, because some of that 'sa'id' (meaning soil) sticks to a part of the hand and does not stick to another part of it...

✅ In the above verse and narrations and others, 'sa'id' and 'ard' (earth) are introduced as what tayammum is performed on. However, due to its broad meaning, it is necessary to refer to the explanatory narrations, and 'turab' (soil), meaning ground soil, gypsum, and 'nura' (lime), are among its clear and firm aspects.

In the absence of 'turab' and ground soil, the dust from clothes, felt, and similar items is shaken and tayammum is performed with that dust, and if soil and dust are not found and only mud and wet ground are available, tayammum is performed on the driest part of it.

✅ Regarding tayammum on a fixed rock or stone in the ground, based on narration 12 which shows that what tayammum is performed with sticks to the hand, as well as a narration in the book Mustadrak al-Wasa'il, Volume 2, page 532 regarding this matter, even though that narration requires a witness, for the sake of caution, tayammum is only performed on a stone that has soil dust on it.

✅ There is no narrative evidence for tayammum on agate, turquoise, and similar stones, and therefore it is not correct.