✅Answer:

1 مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ قَالَ: قُلْتُ لِأَبِي عَبْداللَّه الرَّجُلُ يُرِيدُ السَّفَرَ مَتَى يُقَصِّرُ قَالَ إِذَا تَوَارَى مِنَ الْبُيُوت

📚 Al-Kafi, vol. 3, p. 434

Muhammad ibn Muslim says: I said to Imam al-Sadiq (peace of God be upon him): When should a person intending to travel shorten their prayer? He said: When the houses are hidden and concealed from view!

2 عَبْداللَّه بْنِ سِنَانٍ عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قال: سَأَلْتُهُ عَنِ التَّقْصِيرِ قَالَ إِذَا كُنْتَ فِي الْمَوْضِعِ الَّذِي تَسْمَعُ فِيهِ الْأَذَانَ فَأَتِمَّ وَ إِذَا كُنْتَ فِي الْمَوْضِعِ الَّذِي لَا تَسْمَعُ فِيهِ الْأَذَانَ فَقَصِّرْ وَ إِذَا قَدِمْتَ مِنْ سَفَرِكَ فَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ

📚 Al-Tahdhib, vol. 4, p. 230

Abdullah ibn Sinan says: I asked Imam al-Sadiq (peace of God be upon him) about shortening the prayer. The Imam said: When you are in a place where you can hear the call to prayer (adhan), pray the full prayer, and when you are in a place where you cannot hear the adhan, shorten the prayer, and likewise when you return from your journey!

3 عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: إِذَا سَمِعَ الْأَذَانَ أَتَمَّ الْمُسَافِر

📚 Mahasin, p. 371, hadith 127

Imam al-Sadiq (peace of God be upon him) said: When the traveler hears the sound of the adhan (of the city), he prays the full prayer!

4 عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ عَلِيّاً كَانَ إِذَا خَرَجَ مُسَافِراً لَمْ يُقَصِّرْ مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنِ احْتِلَامِ الْبُيُوتِ وَ إِذَا رَجَعَ لَمْ يُتِمَّ الصَّلَاةَ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ احْتِلَامَ الْبُيُوت

📚 Qurb al-Isnad, p. 68

Imam al-Baqir (peace of God be upon him) said: Imam Ali (peace of God be upon him) when he went out for a journey, he did not shorten the prayer until he went out from the horizon and area of the houses, and when he returned from a journey, he did not pray the full prayer until he entered (and was in sight of) the horizon and area of the houses!

5 عَنْ أَبِي عَبْداللَّه قَالَ: إِذَا خَرَجَ الرَّجُلُ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ مُسَافِراً أَفْطَرَ وَ قَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ خَرَجَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ وَ مَعَهُ النَّاسُ وَ فِيهِمُ الْمُشَاةُ فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَى كُرَاعِ الْغَمِيمِ دَعَا بِقَدَحٍ مِنْ مَاءٍ فِيمَا بَيْنَ الظُّهْرِ وَ الْعَصْرِ فَشَرِبَهُ وَ أَفْطَرَ ثُمَّ أَفْطَرَ النَّاسُ مَعَهُ

📚 Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 127

Imam al-Sadiq (peace of God be upon him) said: When a person travels in the month of Ramadan, he breaks his fast, and he said: Indeed, the Messenger of God (peace of God be upon him and his family) came out of Medina intending Mecca in the month of Ramadan, and people, among whom were also foot travelers, were with him. So when they reached Kara' al-Ghamim (which is a place between Mecca and Medina), between Dhuhr and 'Asr, they requested a vessel of water and drank from it and broke their fast, and then the people with him also broke their fast!

6 قَالَ أَبُو عَبْداللَّه وَ لَيْسَ يَفْتَرِقُ التَّقْصِيرُ وَ الْإِفْطَارُ فَمَنْ قَصَّرَ فَلْيُفْطِرْ

📚 Al-Tahdhib, vol. 4, p. 328

Imam al-Sadiq (peace of God be upon him) said: The shortening of the prayer and the breaking of the fast are not separate, so whoever shortens the prayer must break the fast!

✅ 'Tarakhkhus' linguistically means 'permissibility'. And 'hadd al-tarakhkhus' is a term that has not been used in the narrations, but what is meant by it in jurisprudence is the place from which a traveler starts shortening his prayer and breaking his fast.

This place in the above and other narrations has been introduced in two general ways:

1 A place where he cannot hear the sound of the city's adhan (or a place where the sound of the adhan is not heard).

2 When he reaches a place where he is hidden and concealed from the houses of the city (which naturally indicates that the houses of the city are hidden and concealed from him).

✅ Therefore, when a traveler leaves the city and reaches a place that has the signs mentioned in the above narrations, from that place onwards, his prayer is shortened, and at that time, he breaks his fast, not before that.

Likewise, when returning to his hometown, when he reaches a place where the normal sound of the city's adhan is audible and the houses of the city become visible to him, from that point he prays his prayer in full.

✅ The two criteria mentioned above are mentioned separately in the narrations, and the necessity of both being present has not been mentioned in the narrations.

✅ It should be noted that this matter is for a traveler, meaning a person who intends to travel at least 8 parasangs, even if it is 4 parasangs going and 4 parasangs returning, and going to the point of tarakhkhus without intending to travel does not cause the prayer to be shortened or the fast to be broken.

✅ Of course, other obscure and less-known narrations have also been received which were not mentioned here. For more information, one can refer to the book Wasail al-Shia, vol. 5, chapters on the traveler's prayer, chapters 6 and 7, and others.