1 عبدالملك بن عتبة الهاشمي قال: سَأَلْتُ أَبَا الْحَسَنِ عَنِ الشَّيْخِ الْكَبِيرِ وَ الْعَجُوزِ الْكَبِيرَةِ الَّتِي تَضْعُفُ عَنِ الصَّوْمِ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ قَالَ تَصَدَّقَ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ بِمُدِّ حِنْطَةٍ

📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 116

Abd al-Malik said: I asked Abu al-Hasan (peace be upon him) about an old man and an old woman who are unable to fast in the month of Ramadan; the Imam said: 'He gives a 'mudd' of wheat as charity for each day!'

2 عن أَبِي عَبْداللَّه فِي قَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّوَجَلَّ و عَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعامُ مِسْكِينٍ قَالَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا يُطِيقُونَ الصَّوْمَ فَأَصَابَهُمْ كِبَرٌ أَوْ عُطَاشٌ أَوْ شِبْهُ ذَلِكَ فَعَلَيْهِمْ لِكُلِّ يَوْمٍ مُدٌّ

📚Al-Kafi, Vol. 4, p. 116

Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said regarding the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Exalted (in Surah al-Baqarah, verse 184), which says, 'And upon those who are able to fast, a ransom of feeding a needy person is due,' He said: 'These are those who were able to fast but are afflicted with old age or the disease of thirst ('utash') or something similar, and for each day (of the Ramadan fast), a 'mudd' (of food) is due on them!'

3 Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) said: 'Any man who is old and unable to fast, or a person who becomes ill from this Ramadan until the next Ramadan and then recovers, it is on him to pay a ransom of food for each day that he did not fast, which is a 'mudd' for each needy person!'

📚Nawadir Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Isa, p. 70

4 عن أبي بصير قال: سَأَلْتُهُ عن رَجُلٍ مَرِضَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ إِلَى رَمَضَانٍ قَابِلٍ و لَمْ يَصِحَّ بَيْنَهُمَا و لَمْ يُطِقِ الصَّوْمَ قال يَتَصَدَّقُ مَكَانَ كُلِّ يَوْمٍ أَفْطَرَ عَلَى مِسْكِينٍ بِمُدٍّ مِنْ طَعَامٍ و إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ حِنْطَةٌ فَمُدٌّ مِنْ تَمْرٍ هُوَ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ فِدْيَةٌ طَعامُ مِسْكِينٍ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ أَنْ يَصُومَ الرَّمَضَانَ الَّذِي اسْتَقْبَلَ و إِلَّا فَلْيَتَرَبَّصْ إِلَى رَمَضَان قَابِلٍ فَيَقْضِيَهُ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَصِحَّ حَتَّى جاء رَمَضَانٍ قَابِلٍ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ كَمَا تَصَدَّقَ مَكَانَ كُلِّ يَوْمٍ أَفْطَرَ مُدّاً مُدّاً فَإِنْ صَحَّ فيما بَيْنَ الرَّمَضَانَيْنِ فَتَوَانَى أَنْ يَقْضِيَهُ حَتَّى جَاءَ الرَّمَضَانُ الْآخَرُ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْه الصَّوْم و الصَّدَقَةَ جَمِيعاً يَقْضِي الصَّوْمَ و يَتَصَدَّقُ مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّهُ ضَيَّعَ ذَلِكَ الصِّيَام

📚Tafsir al-'Ayyashi, Vol. 1, p. 79

Abu Basir said: I asked Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) about a person who is ill from this Ramadan until the next Ramadan and does not recover in between and is unable to fast;

The Imam said: 'He gives a 'mudd' of wheat as charity to a needy person for each day that he did not fast, and if there is no wheat, he gives a 'mudd' of dates, and this is the saying of Allah (in Surah al-Baqarah, verse 184) which says: 'a ransom of feeding a needy person.'

So if he is able to fast the upcoming Ramadan, then there is no problem, and if he is not able to fast, he waits until the next Ramadan (until he is healthy) and makes it up, but if he does not become healthy until the next Ramadan comes again, he gives a 'mudd' of food as charity for each fast he has missed, just like the previous time. However, if he became healthy between the two Ramadans but was negligent in making up the fast of Ramadan until the next Ramadan came, then both making up the fast and giving charity (a 'mudd' for each fast) are due on him, and he makes up the fasts and also gives charity because he has neglected the fast!'

✅According to the above narrations and others, those who were able to fast but have become unable to fast due to old age or have a chronic illness and do not become healthy between this Ramadan and the next to make up their fast, are obligated to pay a 'mudd' of food (meaning wheat or dates, and so on) to a needy person for each fast, and the obligation of making it up is waived from them because they did not become healthy until the next Ramadan.

✅Regarding our question about a person who has become unable to fast due to a stomach ulcer or other illnesses, he waits until the next Ramadan, and if he becomes healthy, he makes up his fasts, but if he does not become healthy, he gives a 'mudd' of food (wheat or dates, and so on) to a needy person for each fast and has no other duty.

He also acts in the same manner for the coming years.

If in any year he became healthy between two Ramadans but was negligent in making up the fast of that year, in addition to making it up, a 'mudd' of food is also due on him for each fast of that year.